What was the importance of the printing press for the renaissance?
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The printing press was very significant since Johannes Gutenberg’s invention made books much cheaper from the 15th century onwards. This meant more people could afford to buy them and so ideas spread much more widely. For example, relatively few people learnt about PETRARCH’S writings about ancient texts in the 14th century before the invention of the printing press whereas enormous numbers of people read about ERASMUS’ ideas on the importance of eduction in the 16th century).
Moveable type was the key part of Gutenberg’s invention since it enabled different pages of a book to be printed very quickly. This led to millions of books being printed in the 50 years after his invention and this meant ideas spread more quickly. Many books were in Latin but as demand grew book were also printed in the vernacular (language of the people) which meant more people could read them and it created a virtuous circle since it also encouraged more people to learn to read.
Key topics from World War Two for explaining the origins of the Cold War:
i) The occupation and effective division of Europe (particularly Germany) by the two emerging superpowers,
ii) The Bretton Woods Agreement
iii) Yalta and Potsdam
iv) The opening of the UN
v) The American use of the atomic bomb
Key topics for explaining the development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1950:
i) The Iron Curtain speech, 1946
ii) The Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan and containment policy, 1947
iii) The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948/9
iv) The Creation of NATO, 1949
v) The outbreak of the Korean War, 1950
Reference Points
Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
Berlin Blockade and Airlift
38th Parallel and outbreak of the Korean War
Chp2: A New Geopolitical Order and Emergence of the Developing World
a) Creation of Israel and the Arab Response
a) Emergence of Zionism & Arab nationalism
b) Intervention of foreign powers (superpowers & former colonial powers)
c) Arab-Israeli Conflicts/ Wars
b) Emergence of Mao’s China
a) Cold War alliance with the USSR before Sino-Soviet Split, 1950-1962
b) Securing borders & challenging US in the Cold War (Tibet annexation, 1950,
intervention in Korean War & sabre-rattling in Taiwan Straits, 1954)
c) Testing nuclear weapon, 1964
d) Support of African anti-colonial independence movements in the 1960s to gain diplomatic allies in the push for a seat in the United Nations Security Council.
c) Vietnam War, 1955-63
d) French Republic and Nationalist Movements in Africa, 1954-62
e) Castro’s Cuba, 1959-62
This highlights the spread of the Cold War into the Western Hemisphere and analyzes the US response during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Setting the Stage for the COLD WAR & DECOLONIZATION:
Chapter 1: The end of WW2 and Emergence of the Cold War, 1944-50
This chapter sheds light on the parallel and contradictory developments in the immediate post-war era: the desire to create a stable new world order at the same time as the breakdown of the Grand Alliance and emergence of superpower rivalry between the USA and the USSR which led to two competing spheres of influence and formed a new world order of tensions between East and West.
Overview PowerPoint for the period from the end of WWW2 to 1950 is here:
Chapter 2: A New Geopolitical Order – Emergence of the Developing World (1948-1970s)
This chapter shows how geopolitics of the Cold War interfered with the decolonization process and led to the emergence of new actors as the newly independent countries asserted their international role, thereby challenging the bi-polar order.
Chapter 2 Reference Points
1948- the birth of the State of Israel
French Indochina War and the start of the Vietnam War
1962- Cuban Missile Crisis
Key Questions
What were the international consequences of the emergence of newly independent countries in the two decades following the end of WWII?
To what extent did newly independent countries challenge the bipolar world (1948 – 1970)?
Analyze the impact of the Bandung Conference of 1955, with the appearance of the decolonizing Afro-Asian bloc.
In what ways was the process of decolonization linked to the Cold War?
Analyze the responses of the USA to each of the following:
the creation of the state of Israel, 1948*
the appearance of Mao’s China,1949*
Castro’s seizure of power in Cuba, 1959*
Student Resource work booklet for all parts of this chapter:
Pillar Two: Emergence of Mao’s China (1949 – 1972)
Focus of study:
Cold War alliance with the USSR before Sino-Soviet Split, 1950-1962
Securing borders & challenging US in the Cold War (Tibet annexation, 1950, intervention in Korean War & sabre-rattling in Taiwan Straits, 1954
Testing nuclear weapon, 1964
Support of African anti-colonial independence movements in the 1960s to gain diplomatic allies in the push for a seat in the United Nations Security Council.
Objective
❖ Evaluate the extent to which Mao’s foreign Policy challenged Cold War bipolarization from 1949 to 1972.
This video gives extensive context and is most relevant from 14m onwards:
Additional information about Kissinger (his obituary), US Secretary of State, 1969-77 who oversaw the end of US involvement in Vietnam which links to protests movements in History Theme 3:
The Encyclopaedia was created in France and philosophers started to question the legitimacy of absolute monarchy.
1776
Declaration of Independence of US
1789-99
French Revolution destroyed the institutions of the Ancient Regime and founded a New France.
14th July 1789: Taking of the Bastille, fall of the Royal prison which symbolised the end of absolute monarchy.
August 1789: Declaration of the rights of man and the citizen.
September 1792: abolition of the monarchy and proclamation of the Republic.
1799-1815
Napoleon’s Consulate and Empire.
1804
Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French on 2ndDecember.
1815
Congress of Vienna. Boundaries of Europe were redrawn by the States which were victorious against Napoleon.
1815-48
Constitutional Monarchy (Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis-Philippe). The power of monarchy was limited by a constitution and the power of parliament increased.
1848-1852
Second Republic established universal male suffrage and abolished slavery due to the work of Victor Schoelcher (1804-93)
1852-1870
2nd Empire of Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III). France modernised its economy during this period.
1848
Communist Party Manifesto published
1853
Victor Hugo published Les Chatiments
1870-1840
Proclamation of the 3rd Republic after the fall of the Second Empire. In 1940, Pétain took power and created an authoritarian regime.
1882
Jules Ferry proposed laws which made education secular, free and obligatory
1894-1906
The Dreyfus Affair divided France.
1905
Law passed which separated the Church and State in France.
4° Geography Essential Information
The Five most Populated Countries in the World (2021):
Population
(in millions of inhabitants)
China
1.425 (or 1.4 billion inhabitants)
India
1.362 (or 1.3 billion inhabitants)
USA
329
Indonesia
266
Brazil
220
WEBSITE LINK:
Updated World Population (by country) map: https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries
In the 17th and 18th centuries European rivalries led to the building of vast colonial empires. Millions of slaves were deported from Africa to work in these colonies on huge plantations which produced items for the European market. This trade helped finance the expansion of the Atlantic ports in the Netherlands, France and the UK.
In the 18th century, most of the European states were led by royal dynasties headed by a king or queen who held absolute power. However, some rulers, such as Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederic II of Prussia were influenced by the ideas of the philosophers. They were known as enlightened despots.
Short video on the impacts of colonization on aboriginal people in Australia:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPCwsiuKMzA
To help you learn about the French Conquest of Algeria (which took many decades) please watch this excellent video below and use the Power Point presentation Conquest of Algeria to help complete the worksheet:
The Industrial Revolution
Video about child labor in the industrial revolution:
Society, Culture and Politics in France during the 19th Century
The French and the Vote
This chapter covers a crucial period in French history from 1815 and the defeat of Napoleon through to the Second Empire of Napoleon III. It focuses on the changes in who could vote and participate in the electoral life of France.
Key concepts you will learn about include census suffrage and universal suffrage. Suffrage means the right to vote.
Click on the document below to have access to the chapter:
This chapter covers the period 1870 through to the outbreak of WW1 in 1914. Lots of significant events happened in this period and we will be studying three: the Paris Commune, the Dreyfus Affair, and the Separation of Church and State in France:
The phenomenon of shrinking cities refers to a metropolitan area that experiences significant population loss in a short period of time. It is also known as counterurbanization.
What are the features of Hong Kong Case Study: 7th October Homework:
After carefully completing the map (remember how to shade in the outline of the coast in blue) and completing the legend + annotations you need to complete the paragraph.
Explain why Hong Kong is considered a global metropolis yet is also marked by inequalities.
How to answer this question:
EXPLAIN – this is a command word, it means give reasons for something
GLOBAL METROPOLIS – this is DNL vocabulary – remember, it means a city that is very well connected to the global economy and connected to other major cities (such as Paris, New York and London) – people come to Hong Kong on business from all over the world (arriving at the international airport for example and using the renowned global exhibition and conference facilities) or as tourists (to visit Disney Land perhaps) and the container port of Hong Kong offers a global maritime opening (it receives and send outs manufactured products on ships to the rest of the world)
‘marked by inequalities’ – this means despite all the wealth many inhabitants are still poor (think about where they live – look at the photograph of houses on the roofs of skyscrapers.
So use the map, the documents and your own ideas to write a coherent paragraph response.
Transnational Migration
Difference between migrants and refugees:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwSOds50Afk
Migration Push and Pull Factors:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GG4zYsV0ME0
Tourism
Link to a site with more recent up to date information on tourism:
The rise of globalization has witnessed the development of coastal zones around the world because maritime transport is essential for this process. Seas and oceans have become strategic resources and their exploitation can lead to tensions between states.
The United States of America is the world’s biggest economic power. This power is based on an immense territory which is firmly integrated into different global networks. Globalisation has also transformed America.
Since the end of WW2, the US has played a major role on the international scene. It helped to create important institutions like the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and the UN (United Nations).
The interventions decided by the UN depended considerably on American military power. It has the biggest military in the world. This is known as hard power.
The US has also created the USMCA (United States Mexico Canada Agreement) to increase trade between the different countries of North America. The stock exchange (bourse) in New York is the biggest in the world and the dollar is the world’s principal currency.
Americans also invest huge amounts of money in other countries. English is the principal language of the USA and is used in international business and most scientific publications. The USA also possess an enormous capacity to diffuse information through the way it dominates the internet and the power of its media organizations such as CNN. This is known as soft power.
D.N.L. Vocabulary
American way of life: refers to lifestyle of people living in the USA
American Dream: national ethos of the USA, it includes the idea that everyone is equal and prosperity and success can be achieved through hard work
CBD (Central business district): business centre of a city, it usually contains skyscrapers because of limited space and high land values
Industrial belt (or Rust belt): Region of north-east USA which contains older manufacturing industries such as the automobile industry
Sun Belt: region of southern and western USA characterised by a warm climate and hi-tech industries
Overview Powerpoint to prompt discussion on Immigration (in three parts):
Christianity and Islam from the 7th to 13th Centuries
Division of the Roman Empire I 395 A.D.
Brief overview of the Byzantine Empire:
Explanation of how Islam began:
Explanation of the crusades:
Schism between the Eastern and Western Churches in 1054 AD:
Society, the Church and Political Power in the Western Feudal World (11th to 15th Centuries)
Explanation of the FEUDAL SYSTEM:
The Norman Conquest:
Why and how William won the Battle of Hastings:
The Bayeux Tapestry, created to tell the story of the preparations for the battle, the voyage from Normandy to England, the battle itself and William the Conqueror’s victory:
Demography and Unequal Development
Follow this link for video on how human population has changed over time:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUwmA3Q0_OE
Link to video explaining how development is measured (including HDI):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sh4g3IQC2cU
Link to website explaining what is meant by uneven development:
The world currently consumes about 100 million barrels of oil a day.
This Canadian website site shows how energy is consumed around the world:
https://www.capp.ca/energy/world-energy-needs/
Link to video on Renewable and Non-renewable type of energy (9m):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w16-Uems2Qo
Worldwide consumption and production — a driving force of the global economy — rest on the use of the natural environment and resources in a way that continues to have destructive impacts on the planet. Sustainable consumption and production is about doing more and better with less. It is also about decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation, increasing resource efficiency and promoting sustainable lifestyles.
Link to United Nations website about responsible resource use:
This introductory chapter is about prehistory which began with the appearance of the first humans, around 2.5 million years ago.
A “human” is anyone who belongs to the genus Homo (Latin for “man”). Scientists still don’t know exactly when or how the first humans evolved, but they’ve identified a few of the oldest ones.
Man appeared on the African continent. This is why Africa is known as the ‘cradle of humanity’. Human-like animals that walked upright are known as hominids.
One of the earliest known humans is Homo habilis, or “handy man,” who lived about 2.4 million to 1.4 million years ago in Eastern and Southern Africa. Another early human is Homo erectus, the “upright man” who ranged from Southern Africa all the way to modern-day China and Indonesia from about 1.89 million to 110,000 years ago.
Video from YouTube about Human Evolution (6m):
What Is Evolution & types of HUMANS | Dr Binocs Show | Peekaboo Kids (click on link if video does not work)
Neolithic Man
Site for activity about one of the first settlements:
Mesopotamia witnessed the creation of the first city-states which were controlled by kings who fixed the rules. In Egypt, the territory was organized around the Nile under the authority of an all-powerful ruler – the pharaoh. His people considered him to be a god and constructed temples, palaces and pyramids in his honour.
Ancient Egypt was one of the oldest and longest lasting world civilizations. It was located along the Nile River in the northeast part of Africa and lasted for over three thousand years. The Ancient Egyptian pyramids are some of the most impressive structures built by humans in ancient times. Many of the pyramids still survive today for us to see and explore.
Link to a site for information about the pyramids:
Founders, Beliefs and Citizenship in the Mediterranean during the Millennium Before Christ
The Romans invented myths to explain the foundation of their capital city, Rome. These myths gave Rome a divine origin and linked their history into Greek mythology. These myths were first transmitted orally then from the end of the Republic written down by poets such as Virgil. According to them, Rome was founded in 753 BC.
Originally Rome was a monarchy but in 509 BC a revolt overthrew the last king and Rome became a republic.Under the Republic, Rome became the capital of a huge empire. When Julius Caesar, victor of the war with the Gauls, was nominated dictator for life in 44BC, a group of senators assassinated him because they feared the return of monarchy. By 27 BC, when Augustus ended the Republic, the Roman Empire extended throughout the whole Mediterranean and the Romans used myths to justify their rule.The_Roman_EmpireWatch first 1m30 for a little introduction to the myth of Romulus and Remus:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Qk0F2y_BhU
The Roman Empire
Link to video explaining 5 important things about the Roman Empire:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9bcohqsTGk
Ancient Greece
This chapter is about Ancient Greece and in particular the city-state of Athens where the first democracy in the world developed. The word used to describe a city-state was a polis and the city-states or polis operated independently of each other and often fought wars against each other.
Settlement: name of a place in which people live, it could be a small hamlet or village or a large town or city.
1) World’s largest cities:
2) What is urban sprawl?
This video helps you understand how urban sprawls describes the way a city spreads outwards as it grows.
3) Facts about the largest shanty town in Nairobi: Kibera(from https://www.kibera.org.uk/#)
There are approximatly 2.5 million slum dwellers in about 200 settlements in Nairobi representing 60% of the Nairobi population and occupying just 6% of the land.Kibera houses about 250,000 of these people. Kibera is the biggest slum in Africa and one of the biggest in the world.
The average size of shack in this area is 12ft x 12ft built with mud walls, a corrugated tin roof with a dirt or concrete floor. The cost is about KES 700 per Month (£6). These shacks often house up to 8 or more with many sleeping on the floor.
Only about 20% of Kibera has electricity.
Until recently Kibera had no water and it had to be collected from the Nairobi dam. The dam water is not clean and causes typhoid and cholera. Now there are two mains water pipes into Kibera, one from the municipal council and one from the World Bank
In most of Kibera there are no toilet facilities. One latrine (hole in the ground) is shared by up to 50 shacks.
Kibera is near the industrial area of Nairobi where up to 50% of the available workforce are employed (usually in fairly unskilled jobs). However, there is still an unemployment rate of 50%
4) Life in a shanty town, Nairobi (these places are also called informal settlements):
A more challenging video about Kibera – the largest slum in Nairobi (9m):
5) What is a shanty town? (example from Mumbai in India):
Spaces of Low Population Density
Introduction
In this chapter you will learn about how certain places in the world have natural constraints that pose a challenge for the people who live there. The word constraint means a limitation or restriction. In geography a natural constraint is something that people must adapt to in order to be able to inhabit a place such as living on a mountain or a in a hot dry desert.
In this chapter you will learn about the different types of agriculture practised around the planet. Farming is particularly important in poorer countries where most people live in the countryside.
What is the different between Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture?
This year’s HG oral exam will take place on 27 and 28 MAY 2024. Exact times will be confirmed later.
You will draw out a piece of paper from an envelope on which will be written 2 of the topics and their guiding questions (shown below). You will choose one of these topics and then have a few minutes to prepare and develop a 5-10 minute conversation about the topic. In the last part of the exam you will be asked about other material studied in HG during 3° in both English and French classes.
Oral Exam Topic List for 27, 28 and 29 May 2024
Topic One: Soldiers and Civilians in WW1
Topic Two: Totalitarianism & The Shoah– Nazi Germany
Topic Three: World War Two
Topic Four: Crisis of the Cold War (Berlin, Vietnam, Cuba)
Topic Five: Global Urbanisation + Urban and Rural Areas in France
To help revise you could practice talking about these subjects and recording yourself on Vocaroo for 7-8 minutes in order to understand how long you are expected to speak for.
Use the resources below in addition to your notes from lessons and any handouts you have been given.
Topic One: Soldiers and Civilians in WW1
GUIDING QUESTIONS FOR YOUR 10m PRESENTATION:
Describe the main opposing powers and the phases of WW1.
What were conditions like in the trenches?
Explain the importance of the Battle of Verdun and/or the Battle of the Somme.
Why is the mass violence that was used against the Armenians considered to be a genocide?
Explain how the fighting stopped in 1918.
Discuss how the outcome of WW1 made a future war inevitable.
After four years of devastating fighting, the First World War came to an end in 1919 in Versailles. The treaty, which represented “peace” for some and a “diktat” for others, also sowed the seeds of the Second World War, which would break out twenty years later.
Following the legislative elections in 1932, the Nazi party became the leading political force in Germany. On 30th January 1933, President Hindenburg named Adolf Hitler as Chancellor. On 27th February, a huge fire at the Reichstag (the German parliament) enabled the Nazis to create a dictatorship. All opponents were persecuted. From 1935, Hitler progressively annexed territory in Europe to create a greater Germany. He took control of Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938, allied with the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and signed a pact of non-aggression with the USSR. The Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939 triggered World War Two.
How did Hitler Come to Power?
Pdf document about how Hitler promised people and why different groups supported him: Hitlertopower
What is the difference between “Holocaust” and “Shoah”?
“Holocaust” is the English term and “Shoah” the Hebrew term used to describe the genocide perpetrated by Nazi Germany during World War II.Both terms have a theological or cosmic dimension. “Holocaust” is derived from the Greek for burnt offering and is generally defined as a vast destruction caused by fire or other non-human forces. “Shoah,” meanwhile, has its biblical root in the term “shoah u-meshoah” (wasteness and desolation) that appears in both the Book of Zephaniah (1:15) and the Book of Job (30:3).
In the United States and Britain, “Holocaust” is the more usual term, while in continental Europe the term Shoah has proved more resonant.
Dropping of the Atomics Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (6th and 9th August, 1945)
In 1943 and 1944 the Japanese forces were being pushed back towards Japan but large numbers of Allied troops were being killed.
In March 1945, British and US forces took the island of Okinawa. The Allies had to kill or capture every one of the 100 000 Japanese soldiers on the island because none of them would surrender.
By the summer of 1945 the US was confident of winning the war, eventually. But the US President, Harry Truman, knew there would be huge Allied casualties if troops had to invade Japan itself.
However, there was an alternative. A group of scientists working on what was called the Manhattan Project had developed the world’s first nuclear bomb.
The decision to use Nuclear weapons and the consequences
Military experts told the President that if they invaded Japan there would be at least 220 000 Allied troop casualties, and it would take until 1946 to capture the country.
President
Truman
Truman decided to drop two bombs on Japan to convince the country that the USA had lots of these weapons (which it did not).
The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. At least 75 000 people died instantly in the heat and thousands more from the radiation. On the 9th August another bomb was dropped on Nagaski.
The Japanese surrendered on 14th August.
There is a debate about whether it was necessary to drop these bombs.
Some historians have said it was done to scare the USSR which was Communist, or just to see if the bomb really worked, whilst other historians say it was necessary to save lives in the long run by forcing Japan to surrender.
PPT on the steps to WW2 (Remilitarization of the Rhineland, (1935) / Anschluss of Austria (1938) / Annexation of the Sudetenland (1938) and the Munich Accords
Topic Five: Global Urbanisation + Urban Areas in France
Define urbanization and identify major cities around the world.
What are the characteristics of and functions of-urban areas?
Locate the main urban areas in France.
Describe the organization of urban space in France.
Explain the importance and influence of Paris
Discuss why urban areas are vital to French, European and World economy in the 21st
More than half of the world’s population now live in urban areas — increasingly in highly-dense cities. However, urban settings are a relatively new phenomenon in human history. This transition has transformed the way we live, work, travel and build networks.
Urbanisation refers to the process of moving to, living in and the growth of towns and cities.
Towns and cities cover 119 000 km2 or 20% of metropolitan territory and 95% of the French population live in an urban area or under the influence of an urban area. Paris is the most populated city in France and the average population density across the country as a whole is 118 inhabitants per km2. Towns increasingly extend into the surrounding rural areas this is called urban sprawl. The countryside is diversifying into a living space, place of work and recreation for rural and urban dwellers alike.
Text about the assets (advantages/attractions) of areas of low population density in France: including reasons why some rural areas gain population whilst others lose population: Assets of areas of low population density
Video: explaining the empty diagonal of rural territory through the centre of France:
________________________________________________
TOPICS NOT TAUGHT IN 2024
Productive Spaces and how they are changing in France.
Introductory PowerPoint explaining the THREE main sectors of economic activity (PRIMARY, SECONDARY and TERTIARY sectors) including a case study of COSMETIC VALLEY enterprise zone/cluster: 3eme Prod Spaces
Video in French about Cosmetics Valley followed by another in English:
Explanation of how the agricultural and industrial sectors in France have changed in recent decades:
France is the world’s fourth agricultural power and this sector of the French economy is completely integrated into the global economy. Farms are highly mechanized, use pesticides and fertilizers and draw on the latest agricultural research to boost productivity. However, high levels of productivity have consequences, which are often negative, on the environment. Today, the demand for ecological products is starting to lead to more environmentally sustainable practises.
Industrial spaces have witnessed huge changes linked to the effects of globalisation. Some areas have deindustrialised as industries have closed but have often changed to new economic activities or benefitted from overseas investment. Today, industries are usually grouped together with research centres and universities near large towns and transport infrastructure.
The tertiary or service sector of the economy is spread across the country and tourism, which is an important part of this sector, is very important in coastal and mountainous regions.
Case Study of French industries that have adapted to globalization – milk industry in Normandy and the metallurgy industry in Montbard:
Chapter 1: International Economic and Geopolitical Challenges
On an international scale, this chapter deals with the economic and geopolitical challenges within the context of the end of the post-war economic boom beginning in the early 1970s.
These developments coincide with major political and economic transformations: the Iranian Revolution with a focus on the rise of different forms of political Islam and their impact, (including briefly the events of 9/11), the Reagan Revolution, Deng Xiaoping’s socialist market economy, the collapse of the Soviet Union confronted by pro-democracy movements, and developments in the European project with the transition from the EEC to the EU and the origin of the Maastricht Treaty (1992).
The Single European Act of 1986 was a Cold War project for European integration that set the stage for the deeper union envisioned by the architects of the EU at Maastricht for organizing Europe in the aftermath of the cold war.
In addition, topics dealt with here link to other chapters in the program, including China’s emergence as an international power, the Middle East and international politics, and the New Deal and its legacy.
Oil and Political Islam: Regional and Global Challenges 1973-1991
Short video about the Nixon shock to the US economy in 1971 which led to the end of the Bretton Woods System established at the end of WW2:
Revisiting the 1973 oil crisis:
The Impact of the 1979 Iranian Revolution:
Deng and Reagan: New Economic Directions, 1978-88
Ronald Reagan and Deng Xiaoping (plus Europe) are three models for addressing the economic challenges of the era, and particularly the economic decline and the rapid increase in globalization. China’s new economic approach underpins and accelerates China’s globalization ambitions in the 1980s and beyond. A study of Reagan’s efforts to dismantle the New Deal legacy is also an integral part of understanding the rise of conservatism dealt with in chapter two of this theme.
The Rise of the EU and the Fall of the USSR: A New European Balance of Power, 1970s -1991
The push for further European integration and enlargement and the persistence of cold war dynamics in Europe are parallel and related developments in this period. The transition from the EEC to the EU is also a useful historical reference for Theme 3 in Geography.
Overview PowerPoints about the EU and the end of the Cold War:
Video about the key Maastricht Treaty which created the EU and the so-called Three Pillar structure of the EU:
President Reagan’s speech on the Evil Empire:
President Reagan’s speech about tearing down the Berlin Wall:
The end of the USSR:
Chapter 2: Domestic Challenges within the USA and France from the 1950s to 2001
This chapter explores the political, social and cultural transformations in France and the United States during a period characterized by significant reforms and new political debate and divisions over social issues. The focus is on social history – African American civil rights, the rise of feminism and the changing role and status of women, Gay Rights, and the continuing struggle for a more equal society. These social issues emerge in the context of the rise of conservatism and its backlash to the counterculture society in the United States starting in the 1960s through to the 1990s. An additional perspective is the impact of the war in Vietnam, which is essential to understanding divisions and change in American society.
The backlash to the promotion of a liberal social agenda (Johnson’s Great Society) in conjunction with civil rights legislation and radical protests of the 1960s and early 1970s (Could include Goldwater’s campaign, John Birch Society, Nixon’s Southern strategy, politicization of the religious right, organized anti-abortion, anti-ERA efforts).
PowerPoint about the election of JFK his ideas about the NEW FRONTIER and then LBJ and the GREAT SOCIETY initiative:
The maritimization of economies and the opening of international trade give seas and oceans a fundamental role in the supply of resources (halieutics, energy, biochemicals), and in material and immaterial exchanges. However, the relative importance of roads/routes and itineraries differ according to the nature of the flows (raw materials, intermediate products, industrial, information).
What are Exclusive Economic Zones?
An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLS) over which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use
of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind. It stretches from the baseline out to 200 nautical miles (nmi) from its coast. In everyday use, the term may include the continental shelf. The term does not include either the territorial sea or the continental shelf beyond the 200 nmi limit. The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first refers to full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a “sovereign right” which refers to the coastal state’s rights below the surface of the sea.
Territories are unequally integrated into globalization. Sea routes and submarine cables, as well as harbours and areas of exploitation are concentrated on a few main axes.
However, major changes are taking place that increase the geostrategic stakes and power rivalries, especially around channels and international straits. The development and use of the seas and oceans manifest tensions between contradictory objectives, such as the desire for exclusive rights/ control and the freedom of movement or exploitation of natural resources versus conservation.
A blue-water navy is a maritime force capable of operating across the deep waters of open oceans… A blue-water navy allows a country to project power far from the home country and usually includes one or more aircraft carriers.